|
Between 6 and 11 August 2011, thousands of people rioted in several London boroughs and in cities and towns across England. The resulting chaos generated looting, arson, and mass deployment of police and resulted in the death of 5 people. Disturbances began on 6 August after a protest in Tottenham, London, following the death of Mark Duggan, a local man who was shot dead by police on 4 August. Several violent clashes with police ensued, along with the destruction of police vehicles, a double-decker bus, and many homes and businesses, thus rapidly gaining attention from the media. Overnight, looting took place in Tottenham Hale retail park and nearby Wood Green. The following days saw similar scenes in other parts of London, with the most rioting taking place in Hackney, Brixton, Walthamstow, Peckham, Enfield, Battersea, Croydon, Ealing, Barking, Woolwich, Lewisham and East Ham. From 8 to 10 August, other towns and cities in England (including Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Nottingham, West Bromwich, Bristol, Lincoln, Manchester, and Salford) saw what was described by the media as "copycat violence". Social media sites including Facebook also featured rumours of further disturbances or details surrounding known disturbances which were later proven to be inaccurate; for instance there were rumours of disturbances in the town of Dudley and at the nearby Merry Hill Shopping Centre, but no incidents in these areas were detected by police. Rumours of a hospital being targeted by rioters in Birmingham were also proven to be wrong, as were rumours of disturbances in the Heath Town district of Wolverhampton, which had witnessed a serious riot more than 20 years earlier. By 15 August, more than 3,000 arrests had been made across England, with more than 1,000 people issued with criminal charges for various offences related to the riots.〔 Initially, courts sat for extended hours. There were a total 3,443 crimes across London linked to the disorder.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=London riots: More than 2,000 people arrested over disorder )〕 as a direct result of related violent acts. An estimated £200 million worth of property damage was incurred, and local economic activity was significantly compromised. The online video website YouTube was soon host to much video footage of the riots, which had been recorded by witnesses and participants. The riots have generated significant ongoing debate among political, social and academic figures about the causes and context in which they happened. Attributions for the rioters' behaviour include structural factors such as racism, classism, and economic decline, as well as cultural factors like criminality, hooliganism, breakdown of social morality, and gang culture. ==Police shooting of Mark Duggan== (詳細はTottenham Hale station.〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Soul searching lies ahead as UK riots cool )〕 The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, which investigates gun crime within the black community.〔 The incident had been referred to the IPCC, which is standard practice if death or serious injury follows police contact.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/en/Pages/what_do.aspx )〕 After the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying that Duggan fired on the police.〔 Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed. The police later revealed that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio indicate that it was a "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullet. The IPCC later stated that a loaded Bruni BBM blank-firing pistol, converted to fire live ammunition, was recovered from the scene. It was wrapped in a sock and there was no evidence that it had been fired. On 13 August, the Independent Police Complaints Commission stated that Duggan did not open fire: "It seems possible that we may have verbally led journalists to () believe that shots were exchanged". The bullet that had lodged in an officer's radio is believed to have been an overpenetration, having passed through Duggan's body.〔("Mark Duggan did not fire his weapon at police", ) ''The Australian'', 10 August 2011.〕〔("Media misled on Mark Duggan death", ) Press TV, 13 August 2011.〕 At lunchtime on 6 August, seven hours before the march and subsequent riot took place, a meeting was called by police between local community leaders, councillors and members of police advisory groups. In this meeting, police were warned several times that there could possibly be another riot similar to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985 if local concerns regarding the death were not addressed. On 8 January 2014, a jury at the Royal Courts of Justice came to the conclusion, by a majority of eight to two, that Duggan was lawfully killed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2011 England riots」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|